Aim: To synthesise the evidence from clinical trials and observational studies using omics techniques to investigate the impactof diet and lifestyle factors on metabolite profile in pregnancy, and in the prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Ovid, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases in September 2024. Inclusion criteria were RCTs or non‐RCTs in pregnant women with or without GDM, that measured diet and lifestyle factors, and which applied post‐transcriptional omics approaches. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS‐I for non‐RCTs and ROB‐2 tool for RCTs. The results of all studies are narratively synthesised.
Results: Of 6293 studies identified, eight observational studies and three RCTs comprising 2639 pregnant women were included. Three studies reported on changes in diet‐related metabolic phenotypes during pregnancy; however, the impact of certain foods on the metabolome and risk for GDM was less clear. Compared with women without GDM, women with GDM had a worse deterioration in metabolites, including saturated fatty acids, branched chain amino acids and purine degradation metabolites. There is limited evidence that conventional dietary treatment for GDM modifies the metabolome in women with GDM.
Conclusions: Metabolome profiles in pregnancy may be altered by certain dietary choices; however, it is inconclusive whether improved diet related metabolite profiles have a beneficial impact in the prevention or management of GDM. Further studies are needed to understand the role of maternal nutrition in modulating the maternal metabolome for the prevention and management of GDM.